ABSTRACT The Blanco Orejinegro (BON) breed is one of the seven Colombian Creole cattle breeds, which descends directly from Spanish cattle brought to the Americas during the conquest period. Currently, most of the Creole cattle breeds in Colombia are at risk of disappearing due to the use of foreign breeds and absorbent crosses towards the Zebu and because of this, a germplasm bank was created to preserve them. The BON population kept in this germplasm bank has remained as a closed nucleous over time, and this can affect the conservation of its genetic variability. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic structure of the BON population maintained in the germplasm bank using pedigree analysis. Genealogical information collected between 1980 and 2019 was used to estimate generational interval, level of pedigree integrity, inbreeding, and its evolution over time. The animals born between 2015 and 2019 were selected as the reference population to estimate the effective population size and parameters derived from the genetic origin probability. The average generation interval for the period studied was 4.58 years, and the general inbreeding was 1.32%. For the reference population, the inbreeding was 2.88%, and the effective population size was 123.75, while the effective number of founders and ancestors was 55 and 38, respectively. The results indicate that the population has a good genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding. The use of a larger number of breeder males is recommended to conserve the population over time.

The aim of this study is to present the casuistic of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in patients diagnosed at “Dr. Eduardo Cáceres Graziani” National Institute for Neoplastic Diseases, Lima, Perú. From January 2002 to December 2012, 51 cases were diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The number of female patients was higher, with 28 cases (54.9%), and regarding age distribution, 33.3% of the patients were under 30 years old. Pain was one of the main symptoms, and 74.5% of the mucoepidermoid carcinomas were located in the parotid gland. It is concluded that epidemiology regarding age and gender of the 51 cases analyzed was in the same range as other studies, and that most cases were located in major salivary glands, in agreement with reports on other populations. Other characte ristics showed a homogeneous distribution.

El propósito de este estudio es presentar la casuística del carcinoma mucoepidermoide de glándulas salivales de pacientes diagnosticados en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas “Dr. Eduardo Cáceres Graziani” Lima, Perú, desde el 2002 hasta el 2012. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo en el cual fueron incluidos sujetos con diagnóstico primario de carcinoma mucoepidermoide en glándulas salivales. Entre enero de 2002 y diciembre de 2012, se registraron 51 casos. El número de pacientes de sexo femenino fue mayor, con 28 casos (54,9%) y con respecto a la distribución por edades, el 33,3% de los pacientes eran menores de 30 años de edad. El dolor fue uno de los síntomas principales. El 74,5% de los carcinomas mucoepidermoides se localizaron en la glándula parótida. De los hallazgos obtenidos se concluye principalmente que en lo que respecta a la distribución epidemiológica de edad y género de los 51 casos analizados estas variaron en el mismo rango de otros estudios. También se distingue que el mayor número de casos estuvieron localizados en glándulas salivales mayores, dato en concordancia con otras poblaciones reporta das. Las demás características presentaron una distribución homogénea.

ABSTRACT Cover crops may improve vineyard soil properties, grapevine nutrient status and berry composition, however, factors such as cover crop type, annual rainfall, climate and irrigation may change their effects on vineyards. From 2008 to 2011, the effects of a non-permanent cover crop and two pruning techniques on soil as well as vine nutrients and grapevine performance of two vineyards (cv. Tempranillo and cv. Bobal) were evaluated. For that purpose, two legumes were sown in inter-rows of hand-pruned vines in February and were tilled at flowering. Soil tillage, or cover cropping, was combined with either light pruning or severe pruning to study foliar nutrient variations. Soil N, P, K and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined in samples taken from the Ap1 horizon in January prior to vine pruning. Foliar N, P, K contents were measured in leaves sampled upon grape veraison. The differences between vineyards with cover cropping and bare soils suggest that legumes positively affected soil N (1.55 vs. 1.68 g kg−1 and 1.49 vs. 1.76 g kg−1 in Bobal and Tempranillo vineyards, respectively) and soil organic matter (SOM) (12.5 vs. 15.5 g kg−1 and 12.9 vs. 17.2 g kg−1 in Bobal and Tempranillo vineyards, respectively). The use of cover crops did not affect grapevine yields nor quality of Bobal and Tempranillo berry . Cover crops, or light pruning, did not alter the foliar N, P, K contents of both cultivars since their concentrations were similar to those found in the leaves from vineyards with soil tillage or severe pruning.

The optimal adjustment of operation variables of a fertilizer machine with centrifugal distributors for obtaining a good variation coefficient is essential for uniform fertilizer distribution on farmland. This article presents a computerized application in order to predict analytically the distribution profile and the variation coefficient of agricultural fertilizer machines with centrifugal disk distributors. Furthermore, this application calculates the values of fertilizer adjustment variables, which offer a better variation coefficient, using the gradient method on multiple seeds. With these optimal parameters of fertilizer adjustment variables, variation coefficient results are obtained, similar to those of the most prestigious trademarks of fertilizing equipment. A particular case is shown with small disks and moderate turn speed with which a work width of 22 m is achieved, similar to the ones obtained with the fertilizing equipment of these distributors. The use of this computerized application in a fertilizer machine test station allows an adjustment of the fertilizing equipment, reducing the number of required experimental trials. This is due to the fact that initially a search for the optimal parameters through developed application has been carried out and then, a fine adjustment of these parameters by means of experimental tests.

El ajuste óptimo de las variables de funcionamiento de una abonadora con distribuidores centrífugos para obtener un buen coeficiente de variación, es fundamental para una distribución uniforme del fertilizante en el terreno. En este artículo se presenta una aplicación informática para predecir analíticamente el perfil de distribución y el coeficiente de variación de abonadoras agrícolas con distribuidores centrífugos de disco. Esta aplicación además calcula, mediante el método del gradiente sobre múltiples semillas, los valores de las variables de ajuste de la abonadora que ofrecen un mejor coeficiente de variación. Con estos parámetros óptimos de las variables de ajuste de la abonadora se obtienen unos resultados de coeficiente de variación similares a los de las marcas más prestigiosas de equipos de abonado. Se muestra un caso particular con discos pequeños y moderada velocidad de giro con el que se consigue un ancho de trabajo de 22 m, similar a los obtenidos con equipos de abonado que tienen estos distribuidores. El uso de esta aplicación informática en una estación de ensayo de abonadoras permite un ajuste del equipo de abonado, reduciendo el número de ensayos experimentales requeridos. Esto se debe a que se realiza inicialmente una búsqueda de los parámetros óptimos mediante la aplicación desarrollada, y luego un ajuste fino de estos parámetros mediante ensayos experimentales.